Joy Marie Lim
医学顾问
来源： Getty Images
揭示严重登革热的威胁
上次更新时间： 2023年6月30日 | 2 分钟阅读时间
每 20 人中就有 1 人感染重症登革热，重症登革热可能致命，被认为是一种医疗紧急情况。了解其症状，以便及时就医。
新加坡人已经习惯于听到登革热，这种疾病自 20 世纪 60 年代以来一直流行，但这并不能成为任何人放松警惕的理由，因为 2023 年的第 23 周已经录得 3,595 例病例，而且目前的上升趋势不太可能改变。
虽然每 5 – 6 年出现一次周期性高峰是正常的，但登革热病例的上升还与其他因素有关，其中包括降雨量增加和人口增长带来的气候变化，以及生命周期和潜伏期的变化。
登革热有 4 种血清型，这意味着一个人最多可感染 4 次。虽然一个人在感染后可以对特定血清型产生免疫力，但随后的感染更加危险，更有可能导致严重登革热，每 20 人中就有 1 人感染登革热，这是一种医疗急症。
登革热的症状会因年龄而异。幼儿的症状通常较轻，而成年人则会出现头痛、发热、皮疹和肌肉疼痛等较明显的症状。在老年人中，这些症状可能不那么明显，但危险就在于此--他们更有可能患有慢性疾病，需要住院治疗，并经历重病或死亡。在 60 岁及以上的人群中，有 30% 以前从未感染过登革热，因此他们特别容易感染登革热。
登革热也是孕妇需要关注的问题，因为病毒会传染给胎儿，导致出生体重不足、早产甚至死亡，而且危险也会延伸到母亲身上 - 在对 40 名孕妇进行的一项小型研究中发现，登革热导致半数以上孕妇产后大出血。
如果您或您认识的人感染了登革热，一定要注意严重登革热的征兆，这些征兆通常会在发热退去 1 – 2 天后出现。要警惕:
- 牙龈出血或鼻子出血
- 呕吐物或粪便中有血液（呈黑色，像柏油一样粘稠）
- 感到非常口渴
- 感觉虚弱
- 皮肤苍白或冰冷
- 腹部疼痛或压痛
- 持续呕吐
- 呼吸急促
- 坐立不安或昏昏欲睡
出现上述症状时，应立即送往医院，因为严重的登革热需要紧急治疗。虽然没有具体的治疗方法，但患者可能需要输液、电解质和/或输血才能康复。
为了保护自己和亲人免受登革热的感染，您可以采取以下几个步骤：
- 防止或消灭室内外的蚊子孳生地（积水）。
- 翻转任何可能盛水的容器，包括桶、花盆和花盆底座
- 每天更换花瓶中的水
- 检查屋顶排水沟是否畅通
- 喷洒杀虫剂杀死成蚊
- 喷洒驱蚊剂，最好是含有 DEET（N,N-二乙基间甲苯胺）、picaridin 或 IR3535 有效成分的驱蚊剂，因为这些驱蚊剂最有效。
- 穿长袖衣服和长裤以防被叮咬。
- 下载国家环境局的 myENV 移动性应用程序，了解登革热疫情群的最新情况，或登录 https://www.nea.gov.sg/dengue-zika/dengue/dengue-clusters，按街道名称搜索登革热疫情群。
- 向医生咨询登革热疫苗接种事宜，该疫苗适用于曾感染登革热的人群。
最后，每个人都必须对登革热保持警惕，采取一切合理的预防措施，并对任何不明原因的发烧寻求医疗建议。更重要的是，任何出现严重登革热症状的人 – 无论年龄大小 – 都应被送往医院的急诊室接受及时治疗。
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Dengue and severe dengue. World Health Organization. Retrieved on 16 June 2023 from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue
Dengue: Clinical Presentation – Key Facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved on 16 June 2023 from https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/healthcare-providers/clinical-presentation.html
Rise in dengue cases underscores need for constant vigilance. National Centre for Infectious Diseases. Retrieved on 16 June 2023 from https://www.ncid.sg/Health-Professionals/Articles/Pages/Rise-in-dengue-cases-underscores-need-for-constant-vigilance.aspx
Elderly at higher risk of severe illness from dengue: NCID head. National Dental Centre Singapore. Retrieved on 16 June 2023 from https://www.ndcs.com.sg/news/patient-care/elderly-at-higher-risk-of-severe-illness-from-dengue-ncid-head
Dengue During Pregnancy. Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved on 23 June 2023 from https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/transmission/pregnancy.html#
Brar R, Sikka P, Suri V, et al. Maternal and fetal outcomes of dengue fever in pregnancy: a large prospective and descriptive observational study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021;304(1):91-100. doi:10.1007/s00404-020-05930-7. Retrieved on 23 June 2023 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7778400/
Dengue. Ministry of Health Singapore. Retrieved on 16 June 2023 from https://www.moh.gov.sg/diseases-updates/dengue
Dengue and severe dengue. World Health Organization. Retrieved on 16 June 2023 from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue
Dengue. Ministry of Health Singapore. Retrieved on 16 June 2023 from https://www.moh.gov.sg/diseases-updates/dengue
Dengue Cases. National Environment Agency. Retrieved on 16 June 2023 from https://www.nea.gov.sg/dengue-zika/dengue/dengue-cases
Dengue. Ministry of Health Singapore. Retrieved on 16 June 2023 from https://www.moh.gov.sg/diseases-updates/dengue
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